Key Events and Figures in the Peloponnesian War
Discontent Among the Allies
The Peloponnesian War faced discontent among the allies, particularly highlighted by the demands of the Syracusan and Thurian sailors for pay from Astyochus. In response to their insistence, Astyochus threatened the sailors, which led to an attempt on his life, compelling him to escape to an altar for refuge.
Milesian Rebels and Tissaphernes
In the context of rebellion, the Milesians captured a fort built by Tissaphernes at Miletus, much to the approval of their allies. Lichas, however, criticized the Milesians for their actions, resulting in growing resentment towards him.
Transition of Command
The situation escalated when Mindarus from Lacedaemon took command of the fleet from Astyochus after he returned home. Meanwhile, Tissaphernes sent an envoy to Mindarus to voice complaints against the Milesians for their insurrection against his interests.
Revolts and Oligarchical Government
In a significant political shift, the Four Hundred attempted to govern from Samos and pacify the struggling Athenians. However, the army at Samos resisted, calling for a restoration of democracy, with Alcibiades playing a pivotal role in persuading the troops to maintain order.
Battle at Cynossema
Tensions erupted into naval battles near the Chersonese, with leadership from both Athenian and Peloponnesian sides. The Seracusan ships were commanded by Mindarus, while the Athenian fleet was led by Thrasyllus and Thrasybulus.
Shifts in Allegiance and Power Struggles
Alcibiades returned from his campaign, claiming to have improved relations with Tissaphernes and enhanced Athenian naval strength. However, Tissaphernes began to feel the pressure of increased reliance on the Peloponnesians, prompting him to consider shifting his strategies to maintain control over Ionia.
Aftermath and Final Battles
The Four Hundred ultimately lost favor and were overthrown, which led to the establishment of the Five Thousand in an effort to stabilize Athenian governance. The war showcased cyclical violations and shifts in alliances, particularly evidenced by the changing dynamics between Alcibiades and the Athenian oligarchs.
The Fall of Euboea and Consequences
The loss of Euboea signified a major defeat for the Athenians, resulting in the loss of crucial supply lines and a subsequent hit to Athenian morale. This setback also intensified internal strife, revealing a divided state plagued by factions amid ongoing external conflicts.
Reflections on Leadership
Thucydides, in his narrative, analyzes the impacts of leadership decisions on the direction of the war, focusing on how they shaped the Athenian responses to both internal divisions and external threats.
Final Lessons and Implications of Thucydides's Work
Thucydides’ chapters draw conclusions about democracy versus oligarchy, reflecting on the causes and consequences of decisions made during the war and providing modern interpretations of governance effectiveness.
